ECG机器 - 三频道NSL 903 Kaden Yasen（中国）

ECG机器是记录电活动的过程heartover a period of time using电极放在皮肤上。这些电极检测到皮肤上的微小电动变化。心肌’electrophysiologic模式去极化andrepolarizingduring each心跳。It is very commonly performed to detect any cardiac problems.

在常规的12铅ECG中，将十个电极放在患者的肢体和胸部表面上。心脏的整体大小电势然后从十二个不同角度（“铅”）测量，并在一段时间内（通常十秒钟）记录。这样，在整个心脏周期中，每一刻都会捕获心脏电去极化的总体和方向。^[4]电压与此产生的时间的图无创medical procedure is anelectrocardiogram。

During each heartbeat, a healthy heart has an orderly progression of depolarization that starts with起搏器细胞在里面Sinotrial节点，通过atrium，通过atrioventricular node向下他的束并进入Purkinje fibers, spreading down and to the left throughout the心室。这种有序的去极化模式产生了特征性的心电图跟踪。对于训练有素的临床医生，ECG传达了大量有关心脏结构及其电导系统功能的信息。^[5]Among other things, an ECG can be used to measure the rate and rhythm of heartbeats, the size and position of theheart chambers，对心脏肌肉细胞或传导系统的任何损害，心脏药物的影响以及植入的功能心脏起搏器。

该词的词源是从希腊语electro, because it is related to electrical activity,kardio,希腊语for heart, andgraph, a希腊语根意为“写”。

Alexander Muirheadis reported to have attached wires to a feverish patient’s wrist to obtain a record of the patient’s heartbeat in 1872 at圣巴塞洛缪医院。^[7]另一个早期的先驱是奥古斯都·沃勒， 的St Mary’s Hospitalin伦敦。^[8]他的心电图机由Lippmann capillary electrometerfixed to a projector. The trace from the heartbeat was projected onto a photographic plate that was itself fixed to a toy train. This allowed a heartbeat to be recorded in real time.

最初的突破来了Willem Einthoven， 在工作莱顿,荷兰，使用string galvanometer(the first practical electrocardiograph) he invented in 1901.^[9]该设备比使用的毛细管电表墙和法国工程师在1897年分别发明的弦电流计要敏感得多克莱门特·阿德（ClémentAder）。^[10]Einthoven先前在1895年将字母p，q，r，s和t分配给了他创建的理论波形中的挠度，他使用方程式纠正了毛细管电表获得的实际波形，以补偿该仪器的不精确。

使用与A，B，C和D不同的字母（用于毛细管电表波形的字母）在同一图上绘制未校正和校正线时有助于比较。^[11]Einthoven probably chose the initial letter P to follow the example set byDescartesin几何学。^[11]当一个更精确的波形obtained using the string galvanometer, which matched the corrected capillary electrometer waveform, he continued to use the letters P, Q, R, S, and T,^[11]and these letters are still in use today. Einthoven also described the electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders. In 1924, he was awarded theNobel Prize in Medicine为了发现。^[12]

By 1927, General Electric had developed a portable apparatus that could produce electrocardiograms without the use of the string galvanometer. This device instead combined amplifier tubes similar to those used in a radio with an internal lamp and a moving mirror that directed the tracing of the electric pulses onto film.^[13]

1937年，塔罗·塔克米（Taro Takemi）发明了一台新的便携式心电图机。^[14]

尽管当今那个时代的基本原理仍在使用，但多年来，心电图的许多进展已经取得了成功。仪器已从繁琐的实验室设备演变为紧凑的电子系统，这些系统通常包括对心电图的计算机化解释。